Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 Infections

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness primarily caused by Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. These viruses belong to the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family.

Transmission and Incubation Period

Transmission occurs through direct contact with nasal secretions, saliva, blister fluid, or stool from an infected person. The incubation period, the time between infection and symptom onset, typically ranges from 3 to 6 days.

Clinical Manifestations

Characteristic symptoms include fever, sore throat, mouth sores (vesicles or ulcers), and a rash on the hands, feet, and sometimes buttocks. Symptoms typically resolve within 7 to 10 days.

Contagious Period

Individuals are most contagious during the acute phase of the illness, which is from the onset of symptoms until the lesions have crusted over. This typically lasts for a period of several days to a couple of weeks. The virus can be shed in feces for several weeks after the clinical symptoms have subsided, although shedding at this stage is less likely to cause further transmission.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on presenting symptoms. Treatment is primarily supportive, focusing on symptom management such as pain relief and hydration.

Prevention

Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, are crucial for preventing the spread. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals can also reduce transmission risk. No specific vaccine exists against all HFMD-causing viruses.

Complications

While usually mild, HFMD can cause more severe complications in rare cases, especially in infants, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems. These can include viral meningitis, encephalitis, and cardiomyopathy. Prompt medical attention should be sought if complications arise.